I am ...

• Software Engineer: at DataRobot Ukraine
• Github: https://github.com/jettify
• Twitter: https://twitter.com/isinf
• My Projects:
  • database clients: aiomysql, aioobc, aiogibson
  • web and etc: aiohttp_debugtoolbar, aiobotocore, aiohttp_mako, aiohttp_admin

Poll: you and asyncio

1. I am using asyncio/aiohttp extensively
2. I am using Twisted, Tornado, gevent etc. extensively
3. I think async programming is kinda cool

Agenda

1. Motivation, why asyncio and asynchronous programming
2. Asyncio application design choices
3. Tips and tricks and things to consider in your app
4. Asyncio pitfalls

Motivation. Why you might want to write asynchronous code?

• One can do useful work instead of blocking
• Idle protocols (websockets) work out of box
• Encourage good development practices
• Bunch of shiny new frameworks

Also we do SOA (microservices) this days...

SOA implies a lot of network communications.

Sync does not scale (TM)

from django.http import HttpResponse
def my_view(request):
    # blocks thread
    r = requests.get('http://graph.facebook.com/v2.5/{uid}')
    data = r.json()
    # ...
    return HttpResponse(status=200)
                    

from aiohttp import web
async def my_view(request):
    session = request.app['session']
    # context switch here
    r = await session.get('http://graph.facebook.com/v2.5/{uid}')
    data = await r.json()
    return web.Response(status=200)
                    

Asyncio application design choices

• Event loop are spins in main thread, it schedules blocking tasks using thread pool.
• Embedded event loop, main thread gives control to the event loop for finite amount of time, and then executes regular sync code.
• Sync code executed in main thread, but event loop spinning in separate thread.

Asyncio is in main thread

Most popular and convenient asyncio mode in the wild.

Asyncio is in main thread. Blocking calls are in ThreadPool

import asyncio
from pyodbc import connect

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
async def test_example():
    dsn = 'Driver=SQLite;Database=sqlite.db'
    conn = await loop.run_in_executor(executor, connect, dsn)
    cursor = await loop.run_in_executor(executor, conn.cursor)
    conn = await loop.run_in_executor(executor, cursor.execute,
                                      'SELECT 42;')

loop.run_until_complete(test_example())
					

ThreadPool Notes

• No way to kill thread if task stuck inside
• C extensions could consumer alot of virtual memory due to thread arena
• Convenient workaround for blocking calls

Asyncio is in main thread. Blocking code in ProcessPool

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
executor = ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=3)

def is_prime(n):
    if n % 2 == 0: return False
    sqrt_n = int(math.floor(math.sqrt(n)))
    for i in range(3, sqrt_n + 1, 2): if n % i == 0: return False
    return True

async def go():
    result = await loop.run_in_executor(
        executor, is_prime, 112272535095293)
loop.run_until_complete(go(loop, executor))

					

ProcessPool Notes

• Easy to terminate
• Consumes a lot of memory
• Process should be created and warmed as soon as possible in order not to copy memory due to fork()

Embedded Asyncio loop

Application may spin event loop at will, to perform IO heavy computations.

Embedded Asyncio loop. Example

import asyncio, aiohttp

async def fetch(session, url, loop):
    async with session.get(url) as resp:
        data = await resp.text()

def collect_data(url_list):
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()

    session = aiohttp.ClientSession(loop=loop)
    coros = [fetch(sessiong, u, loop) for u in url_list]

    data = loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*coros, loop=loop))
    loop.run_until_complete(session.close())
    loop.close()
    return data

def main():
    url_list = db.fetch_urls()
    data = collect_data(url_list)
    process(data)
					

Do not try this at home!

import aioredis
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
redis = loop.run_until_complete(aioredis.create_redis(
    ('localhost', 6379), loop=loop))

@app.route("/")
def hello():
    value = loop.run_until_complete(redis.get('my-key'))
    return "Hello {}!".format(value)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run()
					

Asyncio loop has own separate thread

Application may delegate IO heavy tasks to dedicated loop in separate thread.

Asyncio loop has own separate thread. Example

import asyncio, functools
from threading import Thread, Event

class AioThread(Thread):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.loop = None
        self.event = Event()

    def run(self):
        self.loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
        asyncio.set_event_loop(self._loop)
        self.loop.call_soon(self.event.set)
        self.loop.run_forever()

    def add_task(self, coro):
        fut = asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro, loop=self.loop)
        return fut

    def finalize(self, timeout=None):
        self._loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self._loop.stop)
        self.join(timeout=timeout)
					

Communication with background event loop

def main():
    aiothread = AioThread()
    aiothread.start()
    aiothread.event.wait()

    loop = aiothread.loop
    coro = asyncio.sleep(1, loop=loop)
    future = aiothread.add_task(coro)
    try:
        result = future.result(timeout)
    except asyncio.TimeoutError:
        print('The coroutine took too long, cancelling the task')
        future.cancel()
    except Exception as exc:
        print('The coroutine raised an exception: {!r}'.format(exc))
					

• Make sure you wait for loop to start.
• Calling future.cancel() in main thread will cancel asyncio coroutine in background thread.

Real world example: Cassandra python driver

class TwistedConnection(Connection):

    @classmethod
    def initialize_reactor(cls):
        cls._loop = TwistedLoop()

    def add_connection(self):
        # ...
    def client_connection_made(self):
        # ...

    def handle_read(self):
        self.process_io_buffer()

    def push(self, data):
        reactor.callFromThread(self.connector.transport.write, data)
					

Bidirectional sync/async communication. Janus queue

queue = janus.Queue(loop=loop)
await queue.async_q.get()
queue.sync_q.put(i)
					

Janus queue example

import asyncio, janus

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
queue = janus.Queue(loop=loop)

def threaded(sync_q):
    for i in range(100):
        sync_q.put(i)
    sync_q.join()

async def async_coro(async_q):
    for i in range(100):
        val = await async_q.get()
        async_q.task_done()

fut = loop.run_in_executor(None, threaded, queue.sync_q)
loop.run_until_complete(async_coro(queue.async_q))
loop.run_until_complete(fut)
					

Asyncio tips and tricks

TIP: Use Explicit Event Loop

import asyncio

async def go(loop):
    future = asyncio.Future(loop=loop)
    future.set_result(None)

    await asyncio.sleep(3.0, loop=loop)
    await future
    print("foo")

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(go(loop))
loop.close()
					

Glyph on global event loop

It would really be a pity if Tulip repeated our billion-dollar mistake [global reactor] ;-)

Convenience of explicit loop

• Increase of testability (Hello Twisted!)
• Fast access to bunch of useful methods: run_in_executor, create_subprocess_exec, create_task
• Easier to reason about code when you have nonstandard case like: two threads two event loops, or main thread is sync second is async

TIP: Think about graceful shutdown early

Asyncio graceful shutdown

import asyncio, signal

is_working = True
async def do_work(loop):
    while is_working:
        await asyncio.sleep(1, loop=loop)

def signal_handler(loop):
    loop.remove_signal_handler(signal.SIGTERM)
    is_working = False

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGTERM, signal_handler, loop)
loop.run_until_complete(do_work(loop))
					

Graceful shutdown aiohttp edition

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
handler = app.make_handler()
f = loop.create_server(handler, '0.0.0.0', 8080)
srv = loop.run_until_complete(f)

def shutdown(loop)
    loop.remove_signal_handler(signal.SIGTERM)
    loop.stop()

loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGTERM, shutdown, loop)

loop.run_forever()

srv.close()  # finish socket listening
loop.run_until_complete(srv.wait_closed())

loop.run_until_complete(app.shutdown())  # close websockets
loop.run_until_complete(handler.finish_connections(60.0))
loop.run_until_complete(app.cleanup())  # doc registered cleanups
loop.close()
                    

TIP: Think About Resource Lifetime to Avoid Resource (Socketes) Leak

• Any rest calls to external services
• Any reconnection logic

Make sure all responses has been released

import asyncio
import aiohttp


async def go(loop):
    session = aiohttp.ClientSession(loop=loop)
    async with session.get('http://ua.pycon.org') as resp:
        data = await resp.text()
        print(data)
    session.close()

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
loop.run_until_complete(go(loop))
					

Be a good citizen! Shutdown db connection pools in your aiohttp app

async def init(loop):
    # setup application and extensions
    app = web.Application(loop=loop)

    # create connection to the database
    pg = await init_postgres(conf['postgres'], loop)

    async def close_pg(app):
        pg.close()
        await pg.wait_closed()

    app.on_cleanup.append(close_pg)
    # ...
					

Explicitly finalize background tasks

class Foo:

    def __init__(self):
        self._task = asyncio.create_task(self._do_task(),
        loop=self._loop)

    async def _do_task():
        await self.set('foo', 'bar')
        await self.set('baz', 'zap')

    async def _stop_do_task(self):
        await self._task
					

Asyncio Pitsfalls

Keep an eye on StopIteration in python 3.4

@asyncio.coroutine
def coro():
    raise StopIteration('batman')

@asyncio.coroutine
def coro2():
    i = iter(range(2))
    next(i)
    next(i)
    next(i)  # raise StopIteration
    return 'finish'

@asyncio.coroutine
def go():
    data = yield from coro()  # batman
    data = yield from coro2() # None
					

Missed coroutine decorators in python 3.4

@asyncio.coroutine
def foo(loop):
    yield from asyncio.sleep(1, loop=loop)

def bar(loop):
    yield from asyncio.sleep(1, loop=loop)

loop.run_until_complete(foo(loop))
loop.run_until_complete(bar(loop))

					

Think 7 times before using task.cancel()

async def foo(loop):
    await update1()
    await update2()

task = loop.ensure_future(foo(loop))
task.cancel()
					

THE END

http://jettify.github.io/pyconua2016